This data record provides a link to the 005-PanAntarctic model outputs that were used to generate the figures for the publication: 𝗔𝘂𝗴𝗲𝗿 𝗠, 𝗦𝗽𝗲𝗻𝗰𝗲 𝗣, 𝗠𝗼𝗿𝗿𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗻 𝗔𝗞, 𝗡𝗮𝘃𝗲𝗶𝗿𝗮 𝗚𝗮𝗿𝗮𝗯𝗮𝘁𝗼 𝗔, & 𝗦𝗶𝗹𝘃𝗮𝗻𝗼 𝗔. (2025) The variability of Antarctic dense water overflows can be observed from space. 𝘊𝘰𝘮𝘮𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘌𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘩 & 𝘌𝘯𝘷𝘪𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘮𝘦𝘯𝘵, 6 (1) Article 286. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02210-7

This is a collection of iceberg surface areas digitized by hand from a range of satellite images. The data may be useful for classifying ice shelf behaviour.

Ice cores from Mount Brown South (MBS), East Antarctica, were drilled to help understand the past atmospheric circulation variability in the southern Indian Ocean and southwest Pacific Ocean. There are visible bubble-free layers occurring frequently multiple times a year, and the origin of these features is still unknown. This project aims to determine whether the bubble-free layers in the MBS ice core can be related to atmospheric processes. ERA-5 data, including surface (skin) temperature, 2 metre air temperature, wind at 10 metre height, the mean surface downward short-wave radiation flux and snowfall, is used to assess the target climate variables from 1979 to 2017 at the ice core sites.

Contains observations of sea level at Port Arthur, Tasmania during the period 1840 to 1842. A sea level benchmark was struck on a small cliff on the Isle of the Dead, near Port Arthur, Tasmania by T.J. Lempriere and Captain Clark Ross. Lempriere had previously constructed a tide gauge at Port Arthur where he made observations of the times and heights at approximately high and low water from mid-1837 to at least the end of 1842. No detailed information about the construction of the tidal gauge appears to have survived and was probably not self recording. Data includes the date, time and sea level.

Perpendicular seismic refraction profiles collected at 11 sites along and across the ice flow unit boundary between ice units coming from the Lambert Glacier and the Mawson Escarpment Ice Stream. Survey sites are located upstream of Gillock Island.

Contains observations of sea level at Port Arthur, Tasmania during the period June 1999 to September 2002.

Model output from a circumpolar realisation of the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). Model was run at a horizontal resolution of 1/4 degree and 31 vertical levels. Spatial domain was circumpolar out to 30 degrees South. Forcing comes from prescribed salt and heat fluxes based on a derived climatology from Tamura et al (2008). For open water regions the Tamura data is blended with open-water heat, salt and surface stress fluxes from a monthly NCEP2 climatology.

Outline This is the Southern Ocean Monthly Climatology of Yamazaki et al. "Unlocking Southern Ocean Under-ice Seasonality with a New Monthly Climatology". The interpolation method follows Barth et al. (2014) available via DIVAnd Julia package (https://github.com/gher-uliege/DIVAnd.jl). CTD data sourced from Argo, MEOP, and World Ocean Database (including low resolution ocean station data). The dataset covers south of 40S and above 2000 dbar (above 1000 dbar for "_minimal"). The horizontal grid is 1/4 and 1/2 degrees in latitude and longitude, and the vertical grid is the 66 WOA layers. Mixed layer depth, temperature, salinity, crudely derived from max("Δσθ_10m=0.03kg/m³", "Holte&Talley"), are also provided in "_MLD". The following variables are included (* are excluded in "_minimal"): In-situ temperature (°C) in ITS-90 Practical salinity (psu) *Standard deviation of temperature (°C), inferred by the spread of observations *Standard deviation of practical salinity (psu), inferred by the spread of observations *Interpolation error of temperature (°C), inferred by the sparsity of observations *Interpolation error of practical salinity (psu), inferred by the sparsity of observations *Cabbeling correction for temperature (°C) *Cabbeling correction for practical salinity (psu) *Density stabilization factor for temperature (°C) *Density stabilization factor for practical salinity (psu) Project Description The advent of under-ice profiling float and biologging techniques has enabled year-round observation of the Southern Ocean and its Antarctic margin. These under-ice data are often overlooked in widely used oceanographic datasets, despite their importance in understanding seasonality and its role in sea ice changes, water mass formation, and glacial melt. We develop a monthly climatology of the Southern using Data Interpolating Variational Analysis, which excels in multi-dimensional interpolation and consistent handling of topography and horizontal advection. The dataset will be instrumental in investigating the seasonality and improving ocean models, thereby making valuable under-ice observations more accessible.

The Antarctic Slope and Coastal Currents are key ocean circulation features around the Antarctic margin, driving the transport of heat, salt and nutrients around the continent. They are also coupled to the hydrography of the region, where in certain locations around Antarctica, the weakening of these currents facilitate the cross-slope transport of warm water onto the continental slope, inducing basal melt of ice shelves and increasing glacial and ice sheet flow, resulting in global sea level rise. However, a lack of observations in this remote region limits our understanding of these current systems. This work examined the dynamics of the Antarctic Slope and Coastal Currents, which shed new light on their temporal and spatial variability and has implications on their roles in the climate system. In Part I of this work we examined an intrinsic variability in warm water intrusions on the Antarctic continental slope through canyons, with narrower canyons resulting in more irregular intrusions in an idealised channel ocean model. Using dynamical systems theory we found that this intrinsic variability arises from the Antarctic Slope Current, driven by feedbacks between eddy generation and surface wind stress input. In Part 2 of this work we compared eddy and current velocities across a 1/10 degree and 1/20 degree regional ocean-sea ice model, showing that eddy activity is more than doubled in the 1/20 degree model than the 1/10 degree model, with minimal differences in current velocities. Eddy activity and coastal current velocities were found to exhibit a hysteresis loop with sea ice, with sea ice growth leading a dampening of eddy activity and current velocities, a feature more strongly represented in the higher resolution model. In Part III of this work modelled Antarctic Slope Current changes under a transient meltwater perturbation were investigated, representative of projected meltwater inputs under climate change. The Antarctic Slope Current increases non-linearly over time as more meltwater is added around Antarctica, with an increased acceleration towards the middle of the 21st century. The non-linear acceleration is attributed to a strengthened salinity gradient across the continental slope, driven by poleward shifting warm waters. This work provides new dynamical insight into the variability of these circulation features, but also motivates further investigation into these emergent phenomena to better understand their impact on our changing Antarctic climate.